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Network Latency Calculator

Calculate round-trip latency based on distance, medium, and network hops

Physical distance between the two endpoints. Can be cable length, fiber run, or geographic distance.
Speed of light varies by medium. Fiber: ~200,000 km/s (refractive index ~1.5). Copper: ~200,000 km/s. Wireless: ~300,000 km/s.
Each router adds processing, queuing, and serialization delay. Internet paths typically have 8-15 hops.
hops
Time for each router to process a packet (lookup, ACL, QoS). Modern routers: 0.05-0.5ms. Firewalls: 0.5-2ms.
ms
Frame size affects serialization delay. Typical: 64 (small), 576 (avg), 1500 (MTU) bytes.
bytes
Serialization delay depends on the slowest link speed in the path.
Mbps

Latency Breakdown (One-Way)

Propagation Delayms
Serialization Delay (per hop)ms
Total Processing Delayms
Estimated Queuing Delayms

Total Latency

One-Way Latencyms
Round-Trip Time (RTT)ms
Estimated Jitter Rangems
Speed of Light Minimum RTTms
References: Speed of light: 299,792 km/s. Fiber refractive index ~1.468 (ITU-T G.652). Copper propagation ~67% c. Serialization delay = packet_bits / link_speed.